The digital equivalent of an ID card used in conjunction with a public key encryption system. Also called a "digital ID," "digital identity certificate," "identity certificate" and "public key certificate," digital certificates are issued by a trusted third party known as a "certification authority" (CA) such as VeriSign (www.verisign.com) and Thawte (www.thawte.com).
The CA verifies that a public key belongs to a specific company or individual (the "subject"), and the validation process it goes through to determine if the subject is who it claims to be depends on the level of certification and the CA itself.
Creating the Certificate
After the validation process is completed, the CA creates an X.509 certificate that contains CA and subject information, including the subject's public key (details below). The CA signs the certificate by creating a digest (a hash) of all the fields in the certificate and encrypting the hash value with its private key. The encrypted digest is called a "digital signature," and when placed into the X.509 certificate, the certificate is said to be "signed."
The CA keeps its private key very secure, because if ever discovered, false certificates could be created. See
HSM.
Verifying the Certificate
The process of verifying the "signed certificate" is done by the recipient's software, which is typically the Web browser. The browser maintains an internal list of popular CAs and their public keys and uses the appropriate public key to decrypt the signature back into the digest. It then recomputes its own digest from the plain text in the certificate and compares the two. If both digests match, the integrity of the certificate is verified (it was not tampered with), and the public key in the certificate is assumed to be the valid public key of the subject.
Then What...
At this point, the subject's identity and the certificate's integrity (no tampering) have been verified. The certificate is typically combined with a signed message or signed executable file, and the public key is used to verify the signatures (see
digital signature and
code signing). The subject's public key may also be used to provide a secure key exchange in order to have an encrypted two-way communications session (see
SSL). See
PKI.
Major Data Elements in an X.509 Certificate
Version number of certificate format
Serial number (unique number from CA)
Certificate signature algorithm
Issuer (name of CA)
Valid-from/valid-to dates
Subject (name of company or person certified)
Subject's public key and algorithm
Digital signature created with CA's private key
Signing and Verifying a Digital Certificate
The signed certificate is used to verify the identity of a person or organization.
